Aid
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What it measures
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Aid quality is just as important as aid quantity, so the CDI measures gross aid as a share of GNI adjusted for various quality factors: it subtracts debt service, penalizes “tied” aid that makes recipients spend aid only on donor goods and services, rewards aid to poor but relatively uncorrupt recipients, and penalizes overloading poor governments with many small projects.
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Greece Overall
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Greece Weaknesses
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- Large share of tied or partially tied aid (34%; rank: 18)
- Selectivity: large share of aid to relatively less poor and less democratic governments (rank: 20)
- Small amount of private charitable giving attributable to tax policy (rank by share of GDP: 21)
- Allows project proliferation; small average project size (rank: 19)
- Low net aid volume as a share of the economy (0.18%; rank: 20)
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Trade
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What it measures
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International trade has been a force for economic development for centuries. The CDI measures trade barriers in rich countries against exports from developing countries.
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Greece Overall
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Greece Weaknesses
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- High tariffs on agricultural products (40.4% of the value of imports; rank: 12)
- High agricultural subsidies (equivalent to 14.1% tariff; rank: 14)
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Investment
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What it measures
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Rich-country investment in poorer countries can transfer technologies, upgrade management and create jobs. The CDI includes a checklist of policies that support healthy investment in developing countries.
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Greece Overall
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Greece Strengths
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- Employs foreign tax credits to prevent double taxation of corporate profits earned abroad
- Provides assistance in identifying business opportunities in developing countries
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Greece Weaknesses
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- Does not provide political risk insurance for all sectors through national agency
- Does not allow domestic investors to take advantage of developing country tax incentives
- Imposes some restrictions on pension fund investments in emerging markets
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Migration
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What it measures
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The movement of people from poor to rich countries provides unskilled immigrants with jobs, income and knowledge. This increases the flow of money sent home by migrants abroad and the transfer of skills when the migrants return.
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Greece Overall
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Greece Strengths
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- Large share of foreign students from developing countries (99%; rank: 1)
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Greece Weaknesses
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- Only a small increase during the 1990s in the number of unskilled immigrants from developing countries living in Greece (rank by share of population: 20)
- Small number of immigrants from developing countries entering Greece in 1998 (rank by share of population: 20)
- Bears small share of the burden of refugees during humanitarian crises (rank: 15)
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Environment
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What it measures
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Rich countries use a disproportionate amount of scarce resources, and poor countries are most vulnerable to global warming and ecological deterioration, so the CDI measures the impact of policies on the global climate, fisheries and biodiversity.
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Greece Overall
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Greece Weaknesses
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- High fishing subsidies ($6.80 per person; rank: 18)
- Low gas taxes ($0.53 per liter; rank: 16)
- High greenhouse gas emissions rate per capita (12.3 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; rank: 14)
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Security
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What it measures
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Since security is a prerequisite for development, the CDI rewards contributions to internationally sanctioned peacekeeping operations and forcible humanitarian interventions, rewards military protection of global sea lanes, and penalizes arms exports to poor and undemocratic governments.
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Greece Overall
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Greece Strengths
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- No arms exports to poor and undemocratic governments (rank by share of GDP: 1)
- Financial and personnel contributions to internationally sanctioned peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions over last decade (rank by share of GDP: 9)
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Greece Weaknesses
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- No protection of global sea lanes
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Technology
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What it measures
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Rich countries contribute to development through the creation and dissemination of new technologies. The CDI captures this by measuring government support for R&D and penalizing strong intellectual property rights regimes that limit the dissemination of new technologies to poor countries.
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Greece Overall
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Greece Strengths
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- Small share of government R&D on defense (0.57%; rank: 5)
- Revokes patents that are not used by the filers so that others may use the ideas freely
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Greece Weaknesses
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- Low government expenditure on R&D (rank by share of GDP: 21)
- Low tax subsidy rate to businesses for R&D (rank: 19)
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