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Health economics, Applied econometrics, Epidemiological and economic simulation modeling, Impact evaluation, AIDS.
Bio
Mead Over is a senior fellow emeritus at the Center for Global Development researching economics of efficient, effective, and cost-effective health interventions in developing countries. Much of his work since 1987, first at the World Bank and now at the CGD, is on the economics of the AIDS epidemic. After work on the economic impact of the AIDS epidemic and on cost-effective interventions, he co-authored the Bank’s first comprehensive treatment of the economics of AIDS in the book, Confronting AIDS: Public Priorities for a Global Epidemic (1997,1999). His most recent book is Achieving an AIDS Transition: Preventing Infections to Sustain Treatment (2011)in which he offers options, for donors, recipients, activists and other participants in the fight against HIV, to reverse the trend in the epidemic through better prevention. His previous publications include The Economics of Effective AIDS Treatment: Evaluating Policy Options for Thailand (2006). Other papers examine the economics of preventing and of treating malaria. In addition to ongoing work on the determinants of adherence to AIDS treatment in poor countries, he is working on optimal pricing of health care services at the periphery, on the measurement and explanation of the efficiency of health service delivery in poor countries and on optimal interventions to control a global influenza pandemic.
In addition to his numerous research projects at the Center, Over currently serves as a member of PEPFAR’s Scientific Advisory Board and as a member of the Steering Committee of the HIV/AIDS modeling consortium funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
After leaving college, Over served in the US Peace Corps’ first program in Burkina Faso, where he worked with villagers in the construction of 25 water wells. While earning his Ph.D. in economics from the University of Wisconsin at Madison, he spent one year as a Foreign Scholar in the Economics Department of the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA). After leaving Madison, he taught health economics, development economics, applied microeconomics and econometrics as an Assistant Professor of Economics in the Department of Economics and the Center for Development at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts from 1975 through 1981 and as an Associate Professor of Economics at Boston University from 1981 through 1985, where he also held the position of Associate Professor of Public Health.
Recruited to the World Bank as a Health Economist in 1986, Mead Over advanced to the position of Lead Health Economist in the Development Research Group, before leaving the World Bank to join the Center for Global Development in 2006. Each spring since 2005, he has taught a module on “Modeling the Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions against Infectious Diseases” as part of the master’s degree program in health economics for developing countries at the Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur le Développement International (CERDI) at the University of the Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- HIV prevention costs and program scale: data from the PANCEA project in five low and middle-income countries BMC Health Services Research, 2007, 7 (1), 108.
- Over, Mead et al., "The economics of effective AIDS treatment in Thailand," AIDS 21 Suppl 4 (July): S105-S116 (2007). Based on the previously pulished book: The Economics of Effective AIDS Treatment Evaluating Policy Options for Thailand World Bank, Washington, DC (2006).
- Antiretroviral therapy and HIV prevention in India: modeling costs and consequences of policy options, Over, M. et al., Sex Transm.Dis. 33 (10 Suppl): S145-S152 (2006).
- Sexually Transmitted Infections by Sevgi Aral and Mead Over, with Lisa Manhart and King Holmes. (2006) Chapter 17 in D. Jamison et al (eds.) Disease Control Priorities.
- Will a global subsidy of artemisinin-based combination treatment (ACT) for malaria delay the emergence of resistance and save lives? Health Affairs, 25, no. 2 (2006): 325-336. (version with demand curves)
- Impregnated Nets or DDT Residual Spraying? Field Effectiveness of Malaria Prevention Techniques in the Solomon Islands, 1993-99, with Patricia Graves, Bernard Bakote’e, Raman Velayudhan, Peter Waleaulo, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, August, 2004, Vol. 71, No. 2 Supplement.
- HIV/AIDS Treatment and Prevention in India Modeling the Costs and Consequences (2004) with Peter Heywood, Julian Gold, Indrani Gupta, Subhash Hira, Elliot Marseille. Human Development Network Health, Nutrition, and Population Series. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
- Impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the health sectors of developing countries. (2004). In The macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS. Edited by Markus Haacker. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
- "Evaluating the Impact of Organizational Reforms in Hospitals," with Naoko Watanabe, Chapter 3 in A. Preker and A.Harding (eds.) Innovations in health service delivery: The corporatization of public hospitals. World Bank, March 2003
- Sources of Financial Assistance for Households Suffering and Adult Death in Kagera, Tanzania with M.Lundberg and P.Mujinjia. The South African Journal of Economics, 2000, 68 (5) and Working Paper No. 2508, Development Research Group, Infrastructure and Environment, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
- The Public Interest in a Private Disease: The Government’s role in STD Control, chapter 1 of K.K. Holmes, et al (eds.), Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3d ed., New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Confronting AIDS: Public Priorities in a Global Epidemic. with Martha Ainsworth, World Bank, 1997, 1999. Summary in English, French, Spanish.
- Confronting AIDS: Evidence from the developing World, (1998) with Martha Ainsworth and Lieve Fransen (eds.) European Union.
- “The effects of societal variables on urban rates of HIV infection in developing countries: An exploratory analysis”, Part I Chapter 2 in Confronting AIDS: Evidence from the developing World, (1998) with Martha Ainsworth and Lieve Fransen (eds.) European Union.
- HIV Infection and Sexually Transmitted Diseases with Peter Piot. (1993) In D.T Jamison and others, eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press, pp-455-527.
More From Mead Over
Should AIDS treatment be viewed as a complement to HIV prevention or as an alternative?

In the final installation of a three-part series, Mead Over estimates the fiscal burden of international AIDS treatment programs, and suggests ways that donors, governments, and patients can sustain current treatments while preventing future cases.
Even as the cost of treating HIV/AIDS has fallen dramatically, the number of people newly infected has remained high.
This essay proposes ways to improve the effectiveness of HIV prevention by strengthening incentives for both measurement and achievement. It builds upon a companion essay that proposes an “AIDS Transition”—that is, a gradual reduction in the number of people infected with HIV even as those inflected live longer—as a reasonable objective of donor and government AIDS policy.
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This is a joint posting with David Wendt
Does the new AIDS bill constitute recognition that AIDS treatment has become a de facto "entitlement"? If so, will AIDS continue to be exceptional in this respect -- or will Americans and the citizens of other relatively rich countries increasingly be willing to accept that the recipients of their assistance are "entitled" to its continuation.
The US congress passed last week and has sent to President Bush for signature the Tom Lantos and Henry J. Hyde United States Global Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Reauthorization Act (H.R. 5501). This bill extends the US commitment to treat foreign AIDS patients by doubling the time period (from 5 years since 2003 to 10 years) and increases the target number of patients to be enrolled in treatment from 1.73 now to 2 or more million in five years.
It’s often said that the perfect is the enemy of the good.
How much will it cost to provide AIDS treatment to 20 percent of those without it? To 60 percent or to 80 percent?
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