Evidence suggests that women who use financial services have increased opportunities to earn income and exercise agency by accessing jobs, starting businesses, and gaining intra-household bargaining power. While financial inclusion experts and agents have begun to apply women’s economic empowerment ...

This note provides actionable advice on measurement for project teams working on digital government-to-person projects, as well as practitioners and researchers working on cash transfer payments and financial inclusion more broadly. It provides short measures focused on key outcomes related to women...

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global recession, researchers have documented the economic impacts of the crisis, including in the form of individuals’ lost employment and income and increased poverty and food insecurity within households. To respond to these impacts, about 20...

This paper analyzes a rich pre-pandemic data set on both men and women business owners from 401 mainly rural villages in five regencies (kabupaten) of East Java province, Indonesia. There are some similarities but mostly large gender differences in characteristics and resources in this random sample...