Research

The EU, when combined with its Member States, is the world’s largest provider of climate finance, but its efforts are not having the geopolitical or climate impacts they should. we propose that the EU create a climate finance impact taskforce to drive the improvement of climate finance programming a...

Launched in December 2023, the Lusaka Agenda laid out a set of shifts and actions to strengthen financing for universal health coverage (UHC). A process for establishing mutual accountability for delivery is ongoing, including within the African Union, but metrics for assessing progress have not yet...

Access to effective antimicrobials is crucial to any healthcare system, but in many countries, necessary antimicrobials are not available to patients because they have not been registered and/ or introduced. This introduction barrier is particularly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMI...

Financing needs in low- and middle-income countries are at all time high as a result of COVID-19 shocks, soaring debts and elevated interest rates. At the same time, there is increasing pressure on ODA budgets due to weak economic growth in Europe and conflicting priorities. The EU’s concessional fi...

Exams influence how teachers teach, but most of our understanding comes from cross-sectional studies in OECD countries, particularly the USA. These dynamics might not apply elsewhere. We surveyed 321 Kenyan teachers during their transition from high- to low-stakes assessments in primary schools—the ...

The World Bank’s concessional lending arm, the International Development Association (IDA), provides significant assistance to small states for fostering long-term development and responding to climate change. Around half of all small states have access to IDA. While only 3 percent of IDA’s resource...

Quantifying how small and routine income changes affect food demand in low- and middle-income countries can inform the policy discourse on poverty reduction, nutrition, and social protection, as well as the debate on the impact of economic growth on global carbon emission patterns.