Aid |
Aid quality is just as important as aid quantity, so the CDI measures gross aid as a share of GDP adjusted for various quality factors: it subtracts debt service, penalizes “tied” aid that makes recipients spend aid only on donor goods and services, rewards aid to poor but relatively well-governed recipients, and penalizes overloading poor governments with many small projects.
Greece’s aid performance
Weaknesses
- Large share of tied or partially tied aid (46%; rank: 21)
- Low net aid volume as a share of the economy (0.17%; rank: 20)
- Large share of aid to less poor and relatively worse-governed recipients (selectivity rank: 18)
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Trade
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International trade has been a force for economic development for centuries. The CDI measures trade barriers in rich countries against exports from developing countries.
Greece’s trade performance
Strengths
- Low tariffs on textiles (6.4% of the value of imports; rank: 3)
- Low tariffs on apparel (6.4% of the value of imports; rank: 3)
- High level of manufactures imports from poorer countries (10.1% of GDP per capita; rank: 4)
Weaknesses
- High agricultural subsidies (equivalent to a tariff of 15.7% on the value of imports; rank: 26)
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Investment
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Rich-country investment in poorer countries can transfer technologies, upgrade management and create jobs. The CDI includes a checklist of policies that support healthy investment in developing countries.
Greece’s investment performance
Strengths
- Employs foreign tax credits to prevent double taxation of corporate profits earned abroad
Weaknesses
- Does not allow domestic investors to take full advantage of developing country tax incentives
- Imposes restrictions on pension fund investments in emerging markets
- Weak participation and leadership in extractive industry transparency initiatives
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Migration
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The movement of people from poor to rich countries provides unskilled immigrants with jobs, income and knowledge. This increases the flow of money sent home by migrants abroad and the transfer of skills when the migrants return home.
Greece’s migration performance
Strengths
- Large share of foreign students from developing countries (95.4%; rank: 1)
- Large number of immigrants from developing countries entering Greece (rank by share of population: 1)
Weaknesses
- Only a small increase during the 1990s in the number of unskilled immigrants from developing countries living in Greece (rank by share of population: 22)
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Environment
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Rich countries use a disproportionate amount of scarce resources, and poor countries are most vulnerable to global warming and ecological deterioration, so the CDI measures the impact of policies on the global climate, fisheries and biodiversity.
Greece’s environment performance
Strengths
- Low consumption of ozone-depleting chemicals per capita (rank: 1)
- High gas taxes ($1.39 per liter; rank: 4)
- Low tropical timber imports ($7.15 per capita equivalent: rank: 4)
Weaknesses
- High fishing subsidies ($5.04 per person; rank: 25)
- Poor compliance with mandatory reporting requirements under multilateral environmental agreements relating to biodiversity (rank: 27)
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Security
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Since security is a prerequisite for development, the CDI rewards contributions to internationally sanctioned peacekeeping operations and forcible humanitarian interventions, rewards military protection of global sea lanes, and penalizes arms exports to poor and undemocratic governments.
Greece’s security performance
Strengths
- Significant personnel contributions to internationally-sanctioned, non-UN peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions over last decade (rank by share of GDP: 6)
- Military ships stationed in sea lanes that are important to international trade (rank by share of GDP: 9)
Weaknesses
- Small personnel contributions to UN peacekeeping operations over last decade (rank by share of GDP: 23)
- Has not ratified the Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM)
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Technology
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Rich countries contribute to development through the creation and dissemination of new technologies. The CDI captures this by measuring government support for R&D and penalizing strong intellectual property rights regimes that limit the dissemination of new technologies to poor countries.
Greece’s technology performance
Strengths
- Small share of government R&D on defense (0.47%; rank: 8)
Weaknesses
- Low overall government support for R&D (rank: 25)
- Offers patent-like proprietary rights to developers of data compilations, including those assembled from data in the public domain
- Imposes strict limitations on anti-circumvention technologies that can defeat encryption of copyrighted digital materials
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