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Research
Innovative, independent, peer-reviewed. Explore the latest economic research and policy proposals from CGD’s global development experts.
TESTIMONY
Remarks to the European Parliament on EFSD/ EFSD+
September 24, 2025
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Research
WORKING PAPER
July 16, 2025
Despite rapid increases in access to school in low- and middle-income countries, learning outcomes remain extremely poor. This has led to calls for a new policy focus on ensuring foundational literacy and numeracy skills. Yet we have little direct, causal evidence on the long-term effects of investi...
POLICY PAPER
April 09, 2025
Lead poisoning affects one in three children globally, with large but neglected impacts on health and education. One important source of exposure is lead in paint, of which one key additive is the pigment lead chromate. Lead chromate is toxic and safe alternatives exist: its use is effectively prohi...
REPORT
October 18, 2024
Across the developing world, decades of growth in primary and secondary school enrolment have begun to taper off. Millions of kids who are enrolled nevertheless fail to acquire basic literacy. And millions more are subjected to physical or sexual violence at school. Global action may be warranted, b...
BRIEF
September 17, 2024
Half of children in poor countries have lead poisoning which undermines their lifelong health and education. Prevention of lead exposure can be highly cost-effective and yet is grossly underfunded. We propose that the European Commission should pledge to end lead poisoning within the European Union,...
WORKING PAPER
April 11, 2024
This study investigates the short-term impacts of a school leadership professional development program implemented in 525 randomly selected schools across Rwanda from 2018 to 2019. The program aimed to enhance the skills of school headteachers in leadership, management, and teacher support. Although...
WORKING PAPER
February 05, 2024
Textbooks play a critical role in schooling around the world but many books continue to under-represent women and girls, and to portray men and women in stereotypical gendered roles. In this paper, we use quantitative text analysis to assess the degree of gender bias in a newly assembled corpus of 1...
CGD NOTE
December 06, 2023
The first SDG4 target is to both expand access to universal secondary school and to ensure that all children achieve minimum learning outcomes in primary school. To the extent that action must be prioritized, this article argues that achieving universal secondary education is both more feasible at s...
