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Research
Innovative, independent, peer-reviewed. Explore the latest economic research and policy proposals from CGD’s global development experts.
TESTIMONY
Remarks to the European Parliament on EFSD/ EFSD+
September 24, 2025
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Research
POLICY PAPER
October 09, 2025
This paper begins by looking at private investment and bank credit to the private sector as a share of GDP in EMDEs in this century. It finds worrisome levels and trends, especially compared to private investment ratios for economies that achieved sustained high growth in the last century. As exogen...
POLICY PAPER
April 10, 2025
Global underinvestment in climate adaptation increases the importance of ensuring that such finance is well targeted and well spent. Multilateral development banks (MDBs) are the largest public source of adaptation finance for developing countries, and the World Bank accounts for about half of the M...
CGD NOTE
October 18, 2024
The comprehensive reform agendas for the multilateral development banks (MDBs) constitute the most ambitious effort to overhaul these institutions since their launch at Bretton Woods 80 years ago. But ambitious agendas can and often do languish. CGD has built an MDB reform tracker as an independent,...
CGD NOTE
September 16, 2024
Africa, developing Asia excluding China, and Latin America have contributed less than 20 percent of cumulative global carbon emissions. But they are on the receiving end of negative climate impacts on growth, poverty reduction, and human development. They disproportionately confront heat, droughts, ...
CGD NOTE
June 05, 2024
This paper reviews PSW performance and, based on our findings, offers recommendations to strengthen performance going forward. Our review is based on key indicators of success, including usage rates (commitments and disbursements), whether PSW investments have helped spur higher levels of IFC and MI...
CGD NOTE
April 11, 2024
The reform agenda is long and complicated. MDB shareholders, managers, and other stakeholders need a systematic way to assess progress as objectively and independently as possible. CGD has built this MDB reform tracker for this purpose. The aim is a comprehensive tool, but also a focus on reform pro...
POLICY PAPER
June 20, 2023
If we could reinvent MDBs to respond to urgent development and climate needs and to benefit from 70 years of experience with the model, what would they look like? Countries should chart their own low-carbon climate resilient development and growth paths, with robust analytical support from MDBs that...
