This note was first published as evidence submitted to the joint inquiry of the UK All-Party Parliamentary Groups (APPGs) on WASH and Antibiotics into the links between antibiotic resistance and lack of access to WASH.

The sizeable economic and health consequences of COVID-19 are clear as the pandemic spreads, translating into additional burden on health systems not just now but for years to come.

As low- and middle-income countries shift away from donor support, their challenge will be finding a way to aggregate demand in order to achieve the benefits that the pooled purchasing arrangements of vertical health programs now provide. As a first step in tackling this challenge, much can be learn...