Aid
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| What it measures |
Aid quality is just as important as aid quantity, so the CDI measures gross aid as a share of GNI adjusted for various quality factors: it subtracts debt service, penalizes “tied” aid that makes recipients spend aid only on donor goods and services, rewards aid to poor but relatively uncorrupt recipients, and penalizes overloading poor governments with many small projects.
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France Overall
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France Strengths
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- Small share of tied or partially tied aid (6%; rank: 10)
- Selectivity: small share of aid to less poor and less democratic governments (rank: 7)
- Prevents project proliferation; large average project size (rank: 3)
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France Weaknesses
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- Small amount of private charitable giving attributable to tax policy (rank by share of GDP: 13)
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Trade
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What it measures
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International trade has been a force for economic development for centuries. The CDI measures trade barriers in rich countries against exports from developing countries.
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France Overall
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France Strengths
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- Low barriers against textiles (5.4% of the value of imports; rank: 10)
- Low barriers against apparel (5.8% of the value of imports; rank: 3)
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France Weaknesses
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- High tariffs on agricultural products (38.7% of the value of imports; rank: 9)
- High agricultural subsidies (equivalent to 13.5% tariff; rank: 15)
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Investment
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What it measures
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Rich-country investment in poorer countries can transfer technologies, upgrade management and create jobs. The CDI includes a checklist of policies that support healthy investment in developing countries.
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France Overall
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France Strengths
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- Particularly active in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) and in the G-8 Anti-Corruption and Transparency Action Plan
- Employs tax-sparing arrangements to prevent double taxation of corporate profits earned abroad
- Provides assistance in identifying direct investment opportunities
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France Weaknesses
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- Does not screen projects for social impacts through national political risk agency
- Imposes some restrictions on pension fund investments in emerging markets
- Political risk insurance also given to inefficient, import-substituting projects
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Migration
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What it measures
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The movement of people from poor to rich countries provides unskilled immigrants with jobs, income and knowledge. This increases the flow of money sent home by migrants abroad and the transfer of skills when the migrants return.
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France Overall
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France Strengths
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- Large share of foreign students from developing countries (81%; rank: 6)
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France Weaknesses
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- Only a small increase during the 1990s in the number of unskilled immigrants from developing countries living in France (rank by share of population: 19)
- Small number of immigrants from developing countries entering France in 2005 (rank by share of population: 19)
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Environment
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What it measures
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Rich countries use a disproportionate amount of scarce resources, and poor countries are most vulnerable to global warming and ecological deterioration, so the CDI measures the impact of policies on the global climate, fisheries and biodiversity.
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France Overall
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France Strengths
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- Low greenhouse gas emissions rate per capita (8.1 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; rank: 6)
- Significant decline in greenhouse gas emissions in 1996–2006 (average annual growth rate/GDP, –3.3%; rank: 6)
- High gas taxes ($0.91 per liter; rank: 8)
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France Weaknesses
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- Large number of endangered species imports (rank: 18)
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Security
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What it measures
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Since security is a prerequisite for development, the CDI rewards contributions to internationally sanctioned peacekeeping operations and forcible humanitarian interventions, rewards military protection of global sea lanes, and penalizes arms exports to poor and undemocratic governments.
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France Overall
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France Strengths
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- Military ships stationed in sea lanes that are important to international trade (rank by share of GDP: 5)
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France Weaknesses
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- High arms exports to poor and undemocratic governments (rank by share of GDP: 22)
- Small financial and personnel contributions to internationally sanctioned peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions over last decade (rank by share of GDP: 12)
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Technology
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What it measures
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Rich countries contribute to development through the creation and dissemination of new technologies. The CDI captures this by measuring government support for R&D and penalizing strong intellectual property rights regimes that limit the dissemination of new technologies to poor countries.
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France Overall
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France Strengths
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- High government expenditure on R&D (rank by share of GDP: 3)
- High tax subsidy rate to businesses for R&D (rank: 5)
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France Weaknesses
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- Large share of government R&D expenditure on defense (2.2%; rank: 21)
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