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Research
Innovative, independent, peer-reviewed. Explore the latest economic research and policy proposals from CGD’s global development experts.
TESTIMONY
Remarks to the European Parliament on EFSD/ EFSD+
September 24, 2025
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Research
WORKING PAPER
December 18, 2024
Facing major fiscal and balance-of-payments headwinds, Ghana embarked on a comprehensive restructuring of its sovereign debt in December 2022.It was assessed that to return to sustainability, Ghana’s public debt should decline from nearly 90 percent of GDP to 55 percent of GDP with significant debt ...
POLICY PAPER
December 10, 2024
Multilateral development banks (MDBs) face significant policy, financial, and operational challenges in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS), with the World Bank playing a central role in financing these areas. MDBs have developed strategies to address FCS, but face difficulties in transla...
WORKING PAPER
October 24, 2024
Having its public debt written off as part of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative in 2005, Zambia welcomed significant investment in the late 2000s, particularly from Chinese state-owned banks, to propel economic development and diversify its economy beyond natural resources. While these ...
CGD NOTE
October 18, 2024
The IMF’s Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) is now two years old. Demand for new RSF programs appears to be declining despite the significant climate finance needs in many lower- and middle-income countries. To enhance the RSF’s appeal, we propose three recalibrations to program design.
CGD NOTE
October 18, 2024
The comprehensive reform agendas for the multilateral development banks (MDBs) constitute the most ambitious effort to overhaul these institutions since their launch at Bretton Woods 80 years ago. But ambitious agendas can and often do languish. CGD has built an MDB reform tracker as an independent,...
POLICY PAPER
October 07, 2024
The decision to end the use of fossil fuels for energy production by 2050 will have major implications for global trade and investment flows. This paper examines the likely effects of the permanent collapse in demand for oil on three large and systemically significant African countries that are vita...
