BLOG POST

Turning the Grand Bargain Upside Down: Views from Indonesia

Past humanitarian reform agendas have continually emphasised the need for humanitarian response to be locally owned. But for two decades, attempts to systematically elevate the representation, participation, and power of local actors have fallen short; donor governments still have an incentive to channel their funding through large international organizations.

On 14 December 2020, the Center for Global Development co-hosted a workshop with the Pujiono Centre, Humanitarian Advisory Group, and Network of Empowered Aid Response (NEAR) to hear perspectives on aid reform from local and national organisations in Indonesia. Around the virtual table were leaders and senior officers of Indonesian nongovernmental and civil society organisations, many of whom had previously been part of a sustained discussion on humanitarian reform in Indonesia. While Indonesia is often recognised as a leader in localising disaster and humanitarian response, the workshop discussions pointed to a series of persistent challenges and growing momentum for some key priorities for reform.

Persistent challenges: Coordination and funding

Despite the predictable recurrence of natural disasters in Indonesia, coordination and financing remain unpredictable. National and local organisations voiced concern over their repeated exclusion from national preparedness plans, and perennial challenges to reliably access resources when disasters hit.

While in many countries COVID-19 has accelerated the localisation of humanitarian response, this agenda was already more advanced in Indonesia. In recent years the Indonesian government has taken leadership over humanitarian response efforts, limiting the presence of international actors. This has caused international organisations to re-examine their roles and created opportunities for national and local organisations that are best placed to respond. As a result, national organisations have taken over an intermediary function that might otherwise fall to the UN. For instance, in the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami response, national NGOs used international grants to contract local partners, thereby underwriting the administrative and financial requirements of international donors.

However, the pandemic has created extreme strain for responders in Indonesia. Notwithstanding changes to their roles, there was considerable international support in the wake of the Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami. But it has since decreased and stopped altogether due to COVID-19. According to one organization, based in Central Sulawesi, local organisations “feel powerless due to funding uncertainties” that abruptly changed their budget forecasts and service provision.

There is also a pattern of limited coordination with local organisations in state-led responses to the pandemic. This was again illustrated in June 2020 after an earthquake struck the region of Maluku, when there was limited coordination between international humanitarian agencies and local civil society organisations. Some, including a foundation based in the region, tried to form a network to empower and respond to affected communities but it lacked funding and lost momentum.

Forming networks at the local level to mobilise coordination and funding has been a common approach to these challenges. In Central Kalimantan for example, COVID-19 has destabilised the international partnerships that local human rights groups used to benefit from. In response, a local human rights NGO mobilised its own collaboration with other local organisations by forming a broader “women’s network.” In this way, local organisations were able to better distribute resources and coordinate aid delivery through pre-existing channels. Others were forced to rely on newly recruited volunteers.

But national and local organisations say they need much more.

Priorities for reform

Participants of the workshop agreed unanimously on two priorities for humanitarian reform in Indonesia:

1. Establish pooled funds at the national level

As international actors retreat, local and national organisations are grappling with limited funding and resources. There is currently no UN-managed pooled fund in Indonesia that could channel international funds to local actors. Nationally owned and driven pooled funds could be an alternative. Pooled funds have the potential to allocates funding more directly to the frontline and promote local decision-making while allowing donors to maintain oversight and, ultimately, allows national entities to better facilitate locally led responses.  

Pooled funds are also seen as a critical mechanism to addressing the growing tensions among local organisations over the increasing number of international organisations establishing national personalities, while maintaining their international character. Many international organisations have pursued the Grand Bargain commitment to localisation by franchising, sparking debate over what constitutes a truly “local” organisation. Increasing pooled funding could potentially even out the playing field among organisations seeking resources at the local level.

2. Devolve cluster coordination to local leadership

In Indonesia, the national government has replicated UN-style humanitarian clusters but they have failed to find meaningful traction.

Local and national organisations support an area-based approach to coordination that maintains the technical oversight of the humanitarian clusters while devolving coordination to the local level. In this approach, local actors are involved in day-to-day operations, and, on a larger scale, the development of a shared vision for humanitarian coordination in Indonesia.

But to deliver, there needs to be a stronger platform for communication and coordination between all stakeholders. Organisations engaged in disaster management, social development, and religious networks need to come together to build networks and foster capacity, to ensure more accurate information and the organized involvement of local actors.

As the Grand Bargain comes to a close and leaders consider next steps, the call from local and national organisations is loud and clear. It’s time for the system to see them as assets to humanitarian response in Indonesia—and internationally—and prioritise reform agendas that are truly locally owned.

Disclaimer

CGD blog posts reflect the views of the authors, drawing on prior research and experience in their areas of expertise. CGD is a nonpartisan, independent organization and does not take institutional positions.


Image credit for social media/web: ICRC/Meier